Human history Essay

Human history has undergone various revolutions, political, economic and nationalistic revolutions. Of important consideration too, is the psychological revolution that has made significant advances which helped to unravel the mysteries of human behavior. This encompasses the scientific ability to understand how we behave and why. It is not surprising that various approaches had developed namely: the behavioral, cognitive, cross-cultural, humanistic, psychoanalytic, and psychobiological approaches. Although some would readily view each approach as conflicting, they mainly vary in focus and could be viewed and used as complimenting methods (Carunchio, C. â€Å"The Study of Psychology†). However, for the purpose of this paper, discussion will deal only with the psychoanalytic approach. The psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud had created a huge impact that went beyond the walls of scientific study. Although it has also garnered much criticism, it is still considered as one of the major contributors in the field of understanding human behavior and opened new ways of treating psychological problems (psychosomatic illnesses) which were remotely understood by previous physicians. According to this perspective, behavior is the byproduct of instinctual and unconscious forces. The mind is a battleground where these conflicting psychic forces struggle for supremacy and our behavior often represents a compromise between these forces (â€Å"Major Themes and Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory†). Major Assumptions Include: A. Man’s behavior is fueled by a psychic energy which always looks for an outlet to be expressed. Common psychological occupation which involve feelings and thought processes is presumed to be triggered by the libido/sexual and death instincts. It believes that human behavior (normal or abnormal) is shaped and influenced by these inner forces of which man is unaware, being repressed into the unconscious depths of the mind, since early expressions continually receive punishment. Hidden in the recesses of the mind, it becomes the very source of energy which continually strives for release. B. Topography of the psyche: unconscious, pre-conscious, and conscious The mind is represented through the famous ‘iceberg’ metaphor. The unconscious is represented at the baseline of an iceberg, hidden and comprising the largest part. At the middle is the pre-conscious. It flashes some of the hidden part of the unconscious to consciousness, just as a real iceberg is partly ‘seen’ and partly submerged. Topmost, and also the smallest part, corresponds consciousness — illustrating the little amount of human experiences that man is aware of. Painful and unacceptable information, of which the conscious part is unable to bear, is pushed down to the unconscious. C. Structure of Mind: Id, Ego and Superego It has a corresponding mental structure: the Id, Ego and Superego. Behavior is either motivated by any of the dynamics of these structures. Irrational behavior is influenced by the Id; rational actions by the Ego, while moral measures by the Superego. D. Means of Resolving Psychic Conflicts Shape a Person’s Personality A person’s trait is determined by how a person resolves these internal struggles. Onset of shaping starts from early childhood experiences. Unresolved stages would cause a person to be ‘stuck’ at a certain psychosexual stage (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital). A person for example, fixated at the oral stage, will either exhibit to flip from one extreme of over-dependence or being highly independent (â€Å"Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development†). E. Psychic Determinism It assumes that nothing is accidental. Forgetting or remember something, ‘slips of the tongue’, or content of dreams are seen as influenced by hidden causes (in the unconscious) which are only looking for expressions. The goal of psychoanalysis is in reliving events or probing into hidden causes in order that conflicts will be resolved in the consciousness. F. Defense Mechanisms An integral part of maintaining human functioning includes defense mechanisms. Unpleasant thoughts or events which prove too painful for the conscious to tolerate are rerouted to the unconscious by means of defense mechanisms. G. Objective of Therapy is to Help Resolve Psychological Problems Through Probing into the Unconscious The goal of therapy is to help a person resolve unconscious conflicts. These hidden conflicts are brought to the fore by means of free association, wherein a person says whatever came to mind and to let one association lead freely to another, regardless of whether it is logical or irrational. It also uses hypnosis to achieve its objective (R. Smith, I. Sarason, and B. Sarason. â€Å"Psychodynamic Perspective: The Forces Within†). References: 1. Carunchio, Clotilde. â€Å"The Study of Psychology†.PowerPoint presentation taken from http://www. unich. it/facolta/psicologia/matdid0607/carunchio/thestydyofpsychology. pdf 2. â€Å"Major Themes and Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory†. http://www. wilderdom. com/personality/L8-1MajorThemesAssumptionsPsychoanalytic. html. 3. â€Å"Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development: Oral, anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital†. http://www. wilderdom. com/personality/L8-5FreudPsychosexualStagesDevelopment. html 4. Smith, R. , Irwin and Barbara Sarason. â€Å"Psychodynamic Perspective: The Forces Within†. Psychology: Frontiers of Behavior. Harper and Row, Inc. 1986.

Reconstitution of a Partnership Essay

Partnership is the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of the business carried on by all or any of them acting for all. An essential element of partnership is to have an agreement and wherever a change takes place in this relationship it results in reconstitution of the partnership firm. Reconstitution of the firm may happen under any of the following circumstances and as a result there will be a change in the profit sharing ratio: 1) Change in the profit sharing ratio amongst the existing partners; 2) Admission of a new partner; 3) Retirement of an existing partner; 4) Death of a partner and 5) Amalgamation of two partnership firms Change in the profit sharing ratio of existing partners: The partners of a firm may decide to change their profit sharing ratio and in such eventuality, the gaining partner (i.e. the partner whose share has been reduced) unless otherwise agreed should be paid some compensation and the compensation is the value of goodwill represented by the gain because the change in profit sharing ratio means that one partner is purchasing from another partner of the profits. For example; James and Jones, two partners of a firm are sharing the profits of the firm in the ratio of 3:1 and if it is decided that in future both will be equal partners, it means that James is selling to Jones  ¼ th (3/4-1/2) share of profits. Therefore, Johns will pay to James an amount equal to one fourth of the total value of goodwill. In concrete terms, suppose, the profit is $20000 previously James would get $15000 and Jones would get $5000. After the change in the profit sharing ratio, each would get $10000. James, therefore, loses annually $5000 and Jones gains $5000. If the goodwill is valued at $40000, Jones must pay James one fourth of $40000 namely $10000. This adjustment is usually made by passing an adjustment entry. In this case, John’s capital account will be debited and James’ capital account will be credited with $10000. In addition to the adjustments for goodwill, the change in profit sharing ratio also requires the adjustment of profit/loss on revaluation of assets and reassessment of liabilities, accumulated reserves and profit (or loss) etc. Sacrificing ratio and gaining ratio: Change in the profit sharing ratio of existing partners will necessarily mean that one or more partners are surrendering a part of their share in the profits in favor of one or more other partners. A part of share being so surrendered is termed as â€Å"sacrificing ratio† while the share gained by each partner is termed as â€Å"gaining ratio†. â€Å"Sacrificing ratio† is computed by deducting the new ratio from the old ratio. â€Å"Gaining ratio† is computed by deducting the old ratio from the new ratio. References: http://classof1.com/homework-help/accounting-homework-help/

Australian rules footballer injured

Australian rules footballer injured Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . Australian rules footballer injured ‘A professional Australian rules footballer injured when an opposition player makes physical contact with him in any manner whatsoever is prevented from successfully suing that opposition player for trespass to the person because all such professional footballers consent to the risk of physical injury when they play football†. Critically analyse this statement. In a game of football, the event of physical contact between players can result in not only physical repercussions but also legal consequences. Under civil law, a football player who has been trespassed or affronted by another player could potentially sue him on the grounds of trespass to the person. The law recognises that in most sports, physical contact is to be expected and as such, will only award damages to certain cases. In addition, professional footballers consent to the risk of physical injury, further limiting the prospects of launching successful legal action. Despit e this, physical contact can attract legal liability and professional footballers sometimes sue successfully – whether or not the judge awards him damages. Battery is the main type of trespass to the person action if a football player wants to sue an opposition player for making physical contact with him. It can be defined as a deliberate or negligent act that directly causes physical contact with another. It is actionable per se and therefore there does not need to be any quantifiable damage for there to be a viable action. However, in order to launch a successful action, all elements of battery must be proved in court. These elements include: directness of the act, positive action, interference and unlawful justification The concept of what constitutes directness has been the subject of some judicial debate. Two cases, Innes v Wylie[citation] and Haystead v Chief Constable of Derbyshire[citation] provide some clarification on this element. In Innes v Wylie, Denman CJ direct ed the jury that if the defendant had stood ‘entirely passive like a door or a wall put to prevent the plaintiff from entering the room’, this would not constitute a battery[citation]. Laws LJ further added in Haystead v Chief Constable of Derbyshire that the directness of the act could also be a â€Å"direct consequence of an application of force† [citation, at 13]. It is arguable that most of the physical contact present in football is not passive and this factor of directness would probably be conveniently supported in court through footage recorded from the match. If a player strikes an opposition player, which then causes him to fall down and sustain damage on his head, this could also attract legal liability as a result of Laws LJ judgement. The combination of this increased scope in liability and active nature of physical contact in football makes it significantly straightforward in arguing that there is an element of directness – should a professio nal football player want to sue under trespass to the person. Australian cases tend to support the proposition that hostility is not a necessary element to battery. In the case of Rixon v Star City Pty Ltd[citation], Sheller JA stated that:

Are non-executive directors capable of fulfilling the role given to Essay

Are non-executive directors capable of fulfilling the role given to them in the UK Corporate Governance Code - Essay Example On executive directors do not give the same continuous attention to the business of the day of a company but should however show similar commitment as the executive directors (Council, 2010). The functions of the executive directors are well spelt out as they are aimed at providing an independent view about the company which differs from the day to day insights and activities. As part of the board of a specific company non executive directors should manage to bring: independence in their view of how the operations are run in the company, impartiality, wide experience in the activities a company undertakes and personal qualities that will add positive value in the company. The key responsibilities of non executive directors generally depend on the direction of the company and therefore the board seeks their opinion on issues such as: strategic direction-as an outsider they are considered to have a better objective view of the issues affecting the company than executives .In strategy formation they are constructive critics who provide a creative and informed contribution in managerial decisions. Monitoring of the performance of key executives is also an essential role they undertake and therefore address concerns as they arise. They are take part in auditor ensure the accounts are properly put in place. As non executives they should be able to ask any questions of any financial structures that have been put forward by the management (Council, 2010). The governance code of the UK which is related to corporate is a set of standards of good practice in relation to board of director’s leadership and effectiveness, remuneration, degree of accountability and its relations to the shareholders. The UK corporate governance code is divided into main principles and supporting principles that help in advancing its provisions. Leadership is

To what extent is fate part of the protagonist in Woman at point Zero Essay

To what extent is fate part of the protagonist in Woman at point Zero by Nawal El Saadawi and Chronicle of a death foretold by Gabriel Garcia Marquez dictat - Essay Example In Chronicle of a Death Foretold, the moral value in question is honour, whereas in Woman at Point Zero it is attainment of power. These values determine the characters actions and thereby shape their fates: â€Å"The work of Gabriel Garcia Marquezs Chronicle of a Death Foretold reads much like a Greek tragedy in that events proceed in an unforgiving inevitability† (website). In Woman at Point Zero, the protagonist Firdaus is manipulated and dishonoured by a number of people in her life. She has no power over the events that happen to her. She gradually learns the value of power and money which enables one to gain control over others and that becomes the utmost aim in her life. "All my life I have been searching for something that would fill me with pride, make me feel superior to everyone else, including kings, princes and rulers." Her life as a prostitute provides her a source of power she wields over men. She finds that men throughout her life mistreat her and use her until eventually she kills one of them. Firdaus is manipulated by all the elders in her life. All the major decisions in her life are taken on her behalf by her elders or the men. Firdaus life becomes a resistance against her male dominated society. She never takes delight in relationships with men. She needs to be treated as equal which in no way occurs within the respectable life of an office assistant. As a prostitute Firdaus has no need to show respect toward even the most powerful of men and thus gains her own dignity and free will. In Firdaus world, men wish to subjugate women, stripping them of all of their power. In this society, a respectable woman is one that submits to a man’s will and depends upon him for protection. By rejecting these values, Firdaus claims a sense of power and freedom over those that wish to imprison her mentally. The motif of captivity is central to

Organizatinal Culture Profile Analysis of Imperator Slovakia Ltd Essay

Organizatinal Culture Profile Analysis of Imperator Slovakia Ltd - Essay Example Currently, Imperator manufactures 120 assorted brands. It has over 90 employees and the company continues to develop from time to time. It has maintained ISO standards since 2003. The company has been successful in the development and sale of different products around the world. Imperator has won numerous awards throughout the world and it continues to maintain high performance standards in the face of high level competition from brands from Russia and other parts of the world. The organizational vision is tied with the attainment of the best results on the international front. This is because Slovakia's location makes it a geo-strategic point. The writer of this article seeks to blend his role as a manager in the industry with the internal structures of Imperator. This paper will use organizational culture profile methodologies and tools to match the corporate systems and structures of Imperator Slovakia and how it impacts on the individual activities and capabilities of the writer and other individuals in the organization. The paper will use the models of O'Reilley et al as well as Cable and Judge. This will attempt to examine the linkages between the corporate view and the individual expectations of the company. Organizational Culture Profile Models O'Reilly et al identify that there are three core themes of organizational behavior (487). First of all, research into organizational behavior has renewed focus on person-situation constraints. In other words, organizational behavior is based on the relationship between the people of the organization and what they organizational rules, regulations and culture permit them to do or not to do at different points in time. The second emphasis is on the quantitative assessment of organizational culture. This implies that the organization uses a collective approach to identify the extent to which different features exist within an organization. This is done through the attribution of values or figures to various compone nts of organizations to ascertain the important structures that define and shape up an organization. Finally, there is the use of statistical methods to aggregate and provide definitive cultural features within organizations. In their journal, O'Reilly et al identified through longitudinal data, the components of organizational culture (487). This provided the dimensions within which different organizational cultures could be defined and predicted. This model is known as the Organizational Culture Profile (OCP). The OCP provides the fit of organizations and predicts organizational commitment and job satisfaction that exists within the organization. This paper will apply the OCP to Imperator and attempt to define the organizational culture and system. Cable and Judge on the other hand, defined the relationship between individual persons and the organizational culture or system (548). In their analysis, they identified that the person-organizational fit is important. And individuals a pply to organizations based on their personal qualities. These applicants are selected based on their unique personality and how well that personality fits into the organization (Cable and Judge 551). This paper will also use the P-O model of Imperator to define my

Defining Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Defining Marketing - Research Paper Example Marketing is established on business foundation in terms of the needs of the customer and how to satisfy them (McQuarrie, 2005). In addition, marketing is concerned with the values associated with the exchange of goods and services. This paper will look at marketing and its importance to the success of an organization. The term marketing has many definitions. My definition will be based on activities carried out business to business and business to consumer. From the business to business perspective, marketing entails creating associations, value, and solutions either long term or short term with a company or product. From business to consumer, marketing refers to the process in which business organizations create solid relationships with customers and initiate value for clients, so as to attract customer value in return. Marketing engenders the approach that causes business developments, methods of sales, and business communication (Blankenship, Breen & Dutka, 1998). In addition, ma rketing involves different activities that make sure a business organization continues to meet the clients’ requirements and gets adequate value in benefit. Apart from my definition, there are others from various sources; they include: marketing is a social process where people and corporations acquire what they require and need by initiating and trading with other people (Christ, 2008). Marketing is the process of management that involves spotting, looking forward to, and fulfilling the needs of the customer while accruing profits (McQuarrie, 2005). On the other hand, marketing concept presumes that for a business organization to achieve its goals, the business organization should recognize the wants and desires of the people they target and deliver whatever will help to satisfy the needs of the client. Moreover, the marketing concept suggests that a business organization should predict the customers’ requirements and needs and meet them more efficiently than their op ponents. Marketing is a substantial component of any business enterprise in the current, competitive environment. This is because those organizations and people who only depend on enhancing their commodities and services lag behind in the curve of power. The main focus of any business organization should be the client or customer. Each and every organization whether small or large, profit or non-profit, should set up an objective to provide goods and services that are of quality to clients. The organization’s main goal is achieve customer satisfaction. The success of an organization depends on the willingness of clients or customers to buy or use the products offered by the company. Marketing encourages organizations to design techniques of competing with rival companies that offer similar or cheaper products (McQuarrie, 2005). Marketing is a vital component in business as it contributes to the success of a business. If properly done, marketing makes customers aware of the pr oducts on offer. The main objective of marketing is making the service or product accepted. An organization should not relax and expect people to know about what they are offering. This means that if a company has accomplished high quality goods or services on offer but no person is aware of its existence; then

Object Oriented Programming is the main drain in project development Essay

Object Oriented Programming is the main drain in project development time due to its complexity - Essay Example Abstraction is simply defined as disregarding the extraneous functions, properties, or features and emphasizing the ones that are significant to the related program. Abstraction refers to taking the essential parts of the program and incorporating them into the program while putting away the parts of the program that may not be essential in the process of program development. Encapsulation in simple terms is summing up or rather putting together. Encapsulation is the way of assembling into a single object the data and the operations that affect the program’s data. Inheritance refers to the process of developing new and unique classes from the ones that have been existence. Inheritance also makes the new classes to acquire the attributes and behaviour of the previous classes. (Svenk 2003, p232.) The new attributes and behaviour of the former classes are incorporated into the new classes so as to suit their requirements. Inheritance may be either single or partial. Polymorphism is the capability of the program developed to perform similar operations on different types of objects. Each operation is implemented in a way that is apt to the objects that are in use in the program. Object oriented programming bundles procedures and data structures so that an object which is an illustration of class is able to operate on its own data structure. Polymorphism degree that is allowed varies and is of three major flavours referred to as parametric polymorphism, function overloading and sub-typing polymorphism. Parametric polymorphism allows the description of a class or function to be conceptual with respect to some set of types and is predominantly essential when describing abstract data type objects such as lists, arrays, queues, stacks, hash maps trees, graphs, and sets. Data stored in all these abstract data types is stored in a neutral way and is specified parametrically thus allowing the re-usability of the data. Parametric polymorphism allows a single function definition to be used with arguments of varying types. Parametric polymorphism is particularly useful in structural modelling due to the substantial number of parametric polymorphic modules. Function overloading allows the program to modify a function computation based on the types of its arguments as well as allowing a single function to be defined with many signatures. Function overloading helps improve the re-usability by increasing the applicability of the components involved thereof. It helps improve the applicability of the program in different fields since it can be applied in various modules seeing that the components are re-usable. The natural extension of functional overloading is to allow a component to identify various type signatures for its ports in the structural domain. Sub-typing is in such a manner that it allows a value of one type to be used in a place where a value of another type is a requirement so long as the first type is a subtype of the latter. This means that in function call, it is possible for data whose types are subtypes of the function types to be

Culture critique of dominant economic narrative assignment Essay

Culture critique of dominant economic narrative assignment - Essay Example In the plot summary, Norma Rae, a single parent of two, works in a textile milling company. Incidentally, she works in a company where all of her family members and fellows are also employed. The working conditions are more than just terrible: the ambiance is hot, depressing and covered in dust, and jammed with an ear-piercing clang of obsolete equipment. The working conditions are relatively unhealthy and potentially injurious. Most of all, the benefits do not seem to equate the amount of work carried out by the workers: inferior salaries, extended working hours, and marginal health protections. Seen this way, there is indeed a marginalizing and struggling employment conditions among those belonging to the working class, especially women. The perspective of class in the America possesses a quality that is relatively difficult to pin down. In an unprejudiced and fundamental expression, it is a dominant reality in the United States. But still, the intricacy and changing aspects of cla ss relations, especially the undercurrents of class brawl, have been touched on by the mass and popular culture in conditions that equally personalize and compress the inconsistencies characteristic in such dealings (Giroux, 1). In other words, the notion of class has been downgraded to expectable methods that signify modes of conceptual shorthand. Apparently, highly influential industries like the Hollywood have taken the part of a no inferior or negligible role in contending with the class-based issues in ways as to deprive them of any societal definition. This turns out to be, for the most part, apparent when evaluating how the world's biggest entertainment industry has described the working class in life, culture and civilization. With relatively small number of exemptions, Hollywood's dealings with the those belonging to the working class and happenings has been portrayed by the kind of reductionism that operates simply to support those myths and moral standards that provide th e conceptual foundation for the predating arrangement of social relations (Giroux 2). The form and substance of most Hollywood movies, including "Norma Rae", that touches on the issue of the working class, especially women, provide the content in plane, superficial illustrations that convey nothing regarding the hidden existing reality of the life and skirmish of the working-class. Basically, the representation of the working class life and culture is established within the ideas that weigh in to its concealment (2). Social mobility substitutes class brawl in movies such as Blood brothers, Working Girls, and The Devil Wears Prada. Illustrations of psychosis and short-lived irrationality flourish in movies such as Taxi Driver and Joe. In "Norman Rae", there is a subtle exaltation of masculinity and a fete of racism and sexism, which provide the description of the plot of the film. Aside from the struggle that Norma gained from belonging to the working class, and working in a rather m asculine type of job, there is a racial indignation in the fact that the salaries

Construction and operation of aircraft fluid systems Coursework

Construction and operation of aircraft fluid systems - Coursework Example The turbine engine and the pneumatic power generation component are integral. Largely, the engine component is responsible to the pneumatic power generation. The constructional design of the power generation component takes into consideration the needs to regulate pressure and temperature. Normally, bled air conditions depend on the engine functioning conditions. Critics contend that bleeding the air from the engine can lead to engine suffocation consequently leading to mechanical breakdown. The pneumatic compressor bleeds air from the engine in various stages, a low-pressure port, intermediate and high-pressure port. The compressor has a check valve, which prevents air from moving to low pressure port during bleeding. By design, the low-pressure port is always open, but the shut valve may close it if the engine is a critical condition. The pneumatic power system in aircraft is a secondary power. By design, bleed air is tapped from one or more points along the engine compressor to pr ovide pneumatic power. To achieve the requirement drive shafts, from the engine’s high pressure shaft, drive an accessory gear box on which are mounted generators and hydraulic pumps as well as engine’s own accessories. ... The pneumatic power system has several functions in an aircraft. These functions are air conditioning and pressurization. In aircrafts for civil transport, bleed air is useful in extracting the secondary source of power. The users of the pneumatic power system are air conditioning system and pressurization systems. By design, the air pressure in the aircraft cabin should be at a pressure equivalent to 8000 feet or less and this requires a constant supply of air. It follows therefore that the pneumatic power systems must supply the required pressure in the aircraft. Moreover, the oxygen used in the aircraft requires replacement at constant intervals. Normally, the contaminant level should be under check to avoid suffocation in the aircraft. To control this process, the aircraft requires a source of air pressure that can aid the sucking of the contaminated air and replacing it with fresh air. The pneumatic power systems provides effective high pressure used in the above requirement. Th e process of air conditioning passes through numerous stages ranging from sucking the contaminated air, filtering as well as supplying the fresh air alongside a maintained temperature. The pneumatic power systems drive the ice protection systems. Dangerous icing conditionings are no longer a threat to the modern aircraft because of the modernization of the aircraft components. However, critics have several reasons behind the need to protect aircraft from icing conditions. Some of the reasons adduced against this factor include possibility of accidents resulting from the accretion of ice on the lifting surface of aircraft. The major cause of engine intake icing is the special flow conditions present and most aircraft have at least some provision for de icing in this region of the frame.

George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four Essay Example for Free

George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four Essay George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four is a dystopian novel which presents an exagerated version of a totalitarian regime which not only controlled everything but which also could not be removed by any means. Orwell’s novel drew attention, back in 1949 when the novel was published, upon how this world would look like if a totalitarian regime would truly take over. My aim for this essay is to analyze Orwell’s novel with respect to the marxist elements present in the novel and also to illustrate their impact upon the protagonist’s feelings. Marxism and especially Stalinism are present in Orwell’s novel through certain elements: countinuous surveillance, control of the mind, the cult of personality and a supposed â€Å"equality† between the Party’s members. Isaac Asimov, in his essay Review of 1984, considers Orwell as a writer with not much of an imagination, accusing him of not developing in the novel the actual communist actions which were happening in reality. â€Å"Orwell imagines Great Britain to have gone through a revolution similar to the Russian Revolution and to have gone through all the stages that Soviet development did. He can think of almost no variations on the theme. I believe, though, that Orwell was an extraordinary visionary who pictured a society chained in nothing but governmental controll, a society which cannot be defeated. A communist concept presented in the novel is that of the powerless individual and of the high disregard the Party had for individualism. Everybody must form a group with everybody – this is the recipe for power, according to any communism regime. In 1984, history is continuously rewritten and in this way, the population’s memories are restricted only to what appears in the remaining articles after rewriting; it can be seen as another way of mind control. Winston himself discovers that most of what the Party states is lies and towards the end of the novel, when Oceania suddenly becomes enemies with Eastasia, the country with which it had been allies all along, everybody is forced to conceive that they have â€Å"always been at war with Eastasia. Ramesh K. writes in his essay Socio-Cultural Matrix in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty Four that â€Å"history is constantly rewritten to suit the current goals of the Party. Only the destruction of human memory will make it possible. Hence the Ministry of Truth (Minitru) modifies history perpetually to the tune of the ideals of the Party†. As a result of the rewriting of history is the loss of memories. Nobody remembers how life looked like â€Å"before† Big Brother, and yet nobody seems to find it as disturbing as Winston does. He barely remembers his family, and he suspects that most of his memories are only a product of his imagination. He has problems recalling maternal love; he sometimes feels guilty for his parents’ disappearance and he constantly regrets his childhood behavior. When regarding history, the only existing proof or better said, evidence, of such distant civilizations, ones before Big Brother, is written in censored books, created by the Party itself, with carefully selected details which attempt to illustrate how life is much better in the year of 1984, with the Ingsoc regime, then before the totalitarian era. Truth is continuously distorted and it can be regarded as close to extinction, since nobody has a correct notion of what is or is not true, anymore. Memories are vague and the ones vivid are imposed, influenced by the Party. The loss of memories the whole society experiences may also be a result of the continuous flow of new information which constantly contradicts the old one and which, in its turn, is recreated over and over again. The process of rewriting history is described in 1984: â€Å"This process of continuous alteration was applied not only to newspapers, but to books, periodicals, pamphlets, posters, leaflets, films, sound-tracks, cartoons, photographs to every kind of literature or documentation which might conceivably hold any political or ideological significance† (Orwell, Part 1, Chapter 4, p. 1). The cult of personality has a huge influence on Orwell’s dystopia, as on any other totalitarian society. Big Brother has been associated by the critics with Stalin, while his political enemy, another alleged founder of the Party, Emmanuel Goldstein, was seen as the correspondent of Trotsky, Stalin’s enemy in the power struggle from the 1920s. Like Trotsky, Goldstein was deported and excluded from the Party. According to Isaac Asimov, Orwell’s â€Å"enemy was Stalin, and at the time that 1984 was published, Stalin ad ruled the Soviet Union in a ribbreaking bear hug for twenty-five years, had survived a terrible war in which his nation suffered enormous losses and yet was now stronger than ever. To Orwell, it must have seemed that neither time nor fortune could budge Stalin, but that he would live on forever with ever increasing strength. And that was how Orwell pictured Big Brother†. Big Brother is regarded as immortal, the is no evidence of his actual existence, and even O’Brien hints to the fact that Big Brother is nothing more than the embodiment of the Party. In the fictional book written by Goldstein he states that â€Å"Nobody has ever seen Big Brother. He is a face on the hoardings, a voice on the telescreen. We may be reasonably sure that he will never die, and there is already considerable uncertainty as to when he was born. Big Brother is the guise in which the Party chooses to exhibit itself to the world† (Orwell, Part 2, Chapter 9, p. 262). Big Brother was everywhere: â€Å"On coins, on stamps, on the covers of books, on banners, on posters, and on the wrappings of a cigarette packet everywhere. Always the eyes watching you and the voice enveloping you. Asleep or awake, working or eating, indoors or out of doors, in the bath or in bed—no escape. Nothing was your own except the few cubic centimetres inside your skull† (Orwell, Part 1, Chapter 2, p. 34). In such a strict society, Winston attempts rebelling against the Party and also falling in love. Once he meets Julia, his double life takes form and he finds himself in a continuous seek for freedom. The relationship between Winston and Julia is, of course, sentenced to permanent influences on behalf of the Party. They attempt to rebell against it but their rebellion is nothing but a narrowed one, with no actual influence upon the Party. In a world where everything, with no exception, has been adapted to completely new rules, where history is continuously modified and the truth is contorsed over and over again, not even love or friendship remain the same. Winston and Julia are supposed to be in love and moreover, they are supposed to be not only friends, but allies in their fight against the system, but in 1984, in this parallel version of totalitarianism Orwell created, friendship and love would always be darkened by the other’s real identity. An example for how love is reduced can be found in the episode when Julia attempts to dress up for Winston, when renting the room above the antiquities shop, a room which does not have a telescreen. She hardly manages to become feminin by using a very bad smelling perfume – which brings about awful memories to Winston – and by wearing ugly – and yet different from the Party’s uniform – clothes. It seems like no one has the ability of being romantic any longer, and even more important, no one has the means of being so. In 1984, no possible love relationship can be imagined and the idea of making love is something strictly forbidden, because making love – and this is something the Party knows very well – makes people happy, and when people are happy, they no longer care for every bad thing that happens in their every day life in the context of a totalitarian society. Julia explained to Winston the Party’s conception: â€Å"When you make love you’re using up energy; and afterwards you feel happy and don’t give a damn for anything. They can’t bear you to feel like that. They want you to be bursting with energy all the time. All this marching up and down and cheering and waving flags is simply sex gone sour. If you’re happy inside yourself, why should you get excited about Big Brother and the Three-Year Plans and the Two Minutes Hate and all the rest of their bloody rot? † (Orwell, Part 2, Chapter 3, p. 167). In the eyes of the Party, there’s no such thing as love or friendship, and even the existing feelings can only be pointed towards Big Brother, the totalitarian leader who can only be seen on the posters all over the city, which show Big Brother’s portrait and a terrifying slogan: â€Å"Big Brother is watching you†. According to Isaac Asimov â€Å"the great Orwellian contribution to future technology is that the television set is two-way, and that the people who are forced to hear and see the television screen can themselves be heard and seen at all times and are under constant supervision even while sleeping or in the bathroom. Hence, the meaning of the phrase Big Brother is watching you. † Love, as already discussed, is distorted, reduced to physical needs (not even physical pleasure). But, as it is easy to notice, throughout the novel, love remains the Party’s greatest enemy against which they are already fighting through manipulating the children – yet only achieving the destruction of parental love. I consider that children betraying their parents are a symbol and nonetheless, an illustration of what Orwell may have imagined about future generations who will do everything for the Party’s sake – even betray their own mothers and fathers. In my opinion, children when regarded as a symbol, are supposed to â€Å"bring the change into the world†. In 1984 they are the reversed, the opposite version of this concept: children will not change anything, from their point of view, the totalitarian society must and will remain as it is, with few corrections here and there in the history books, when actions and facts begin to contradict with others. â€Å"Nearly all children nowadays were horrible [ ] they were systematically turned into ungovernable little savages, and yet this produced in them no tendency whatever to rebel against the discipline of the Party. On the contrary, they adored the Party and everything connected with it. ]All their ferocity was turned outwards, against the enemies of the State, against foreigners, traitors, saboteurs, thought-criminals. It was almost normal for people over thirty to be frightened of their own children† (Orwell, Chapter 2, p. 31). As a conclusion, 1984 emphasizes not only on the impact of a totalitarian regime upon the society, but also on its impact upon the individual’s soul, feelings and thoughts. Winston and Julia’s rebellion may be described as an abstract one, because they do not really achieve anything. Oliver Substance, in his essay The Tendency of Man: Nineteen Eighty-Four, states that â€Å"to truly be a rebel, all of ones actions need to be rebellious, not just the ones involving the basic human urges. Rebels need plans, or else they end up the same way as every other would-be rebel: in Room 101. † The impact upon the reader has no limit, since the novel leaves so much space for interpretation and continuation. Finally, I would like to end my essay with the following quote from the novel: â€Å"If you can FEEL that staying human is worth while, even when it can’t have any result whatever, you’ve beaten them† (Orwell, Part 2, Chapter 7, p. 210).

General Motors And Its Impact On The Environment Commerce Essay

General Motors And Its Impact On The Environment Commerce Essay Industrialization and technological advancement have resulted in humans having had to bear an opportunity cost in the form of environmental damage for increased production and the firms then face this opportunity cost in the form of reduced profits. Owing to the enforcement of such policies many companies have been made to re-evaluate their production strategies and have thus been negatively affected. In the United States, as is the case in most industrialized nations, the leading cause of pollution is the industrial community. Therefore, because of this, most of the industrial sector is under heavy surveillance by the American government so as to prevent any violators of environmental policies or acts and thus reduce the effects of environmental damage.   Pollutants that emanate from automobile operation have begun to create environmental problems of a considerable extent. According to a report around seventy percent of the carbon monoxide, forty-five percent of the nitrogen oxides, and thirty-four percent of the hydrocarbon pollution come from automobile exhausts in America (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2007). Moreover with regards to this fact both the authors, Breno Nunes and David Bennet (2010) stated in their article that the main environmental impact from car production is down to solid waste generation, emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and high energy and water consumption. Inadequate or irresponsible management of landfill sites and wreckers yards may also contaminate the soil and aquifers as end-of-life cars are dumped or scrapped. Add in the environmental impact of day-to-day car usage and a dark, sooty, gloomy environmental picture looms through the murk. These procedures when left unchecked led to severe environmental damages which can be reflected in the fact when according to Martin V. Melossi (n.d) who stated that these damages were confirmed once again by the killer smog which plagued London and New York, causing over four thousand and two hundred deaths in those cities, respectively. This led Congress to legislate the National Air Pollution Control Act in 1955 so that more theories could be tested on the pollution of the atmosphere. Furthermore, according to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2000), approximately 2.95 million metric tons (6.5 billion pounds) of toxic chemicals from 2,000 industrial facilities have been annually released into the environment, which includes almost 45,360 metric tons (100 million pounds) of chemicals and agents that have been recognized to have been causing cancer. Such is also the case for General Motors, part of the leading automobile industry, where the business corporation has been throughout the years accused and penalized for damaging the environment through activities that directly affect the ecosystem. General Motors and its impact on the Environment Martin V. Velossi (n.d) in view of the damages caused by the automobile industry to the environment stated as to the purpose of the automobile industry pursuing such a damaging path that affected the environment that General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler did not think that they could sell small cars. They believed that there wasnt enough demand for them. So far as they had less expensive fuel for their cars, bigger and stronger automobiles would be manufactured. These bigger cars had a lot more horse-power in them, which facilitated faster travel. Cars with a built-in automatic transmission, which were being offered alongside 91 percent of the cars, resulted in a better and more comfortable ride. What the companies didnt realize was that there would be a few negative externalities that they would have to deal with, in pursuit of their goals. Gasoline shortages and air pollution were the direct result of such actions. This clearly reflects the purpose of the automobile industry in flaunt ing environmental acts and legislatures. According to Mike Westfall (2009), General Motors were accustomed to having been in trouble for their nefarious toxic waste disposal methods. An example is stated where the EPA complained about one of the New York General Motors plant which was deemed to pose a major hazard to human health. It was said that the General Motors plant released enormous amounts of PCB which are cancer-causing in nature. The plant was deemed very hazardous. What this shows is the extent of the damaging inflicted by the company since the 19th century when it began its foundry related operations.   Mike Westfall further demonstrates and supports his facts by interviewing Mike Bennett (2009), who represented General Motors workers, who stated that the General Motors Flint Ternstedt factory had numerous chemical ponds where lethal and poisonous elements were disposed of. A lot of the dwellers of that area were highly affected because they had wells which were polluted, thus their drinking water supply was no longer clean. The people who worked in that factory had become exposed to the deadly toxins, too, and they were infected by cancerous cells that speeded up their deaths by around three times the national average. Furthermore, in the recent case of California v. General Motors Corp. (2007), California filed a suit against six of the worlds leading automakers namely GM, Toyota, Ford, Honda, DaimlerChrysler, and Nissan because of the fact that their vehicles contributed the most to global warming and heavily effected California. The complaint declared that all the aforementioned companies were involved in a national crisis because they discharged more than 289 million metric tons of emissions, which ranked them highly worldwide. The lawsuit sought for monetary damages for the environmental degradation that occurred in California. According to the Public information office whereby the United States announced $773 million settlement with General Motors to resolve environmental liabilities and according to the information released by Ellen Davis, Edeli Rivera and Jessie Erwin (2010), the old General Motors would have to give more than $641.4 million. Other stipulations included giving more bursaries in the form of non-cash assets. These were to be given so that the old plant sites which have been polluted could be properly sanitized against toxicity. Moreover, the old General Motors has already spent nearly $11.5 million in order to tidy up their plants which have been contaminated. This showed that the past activities of General Motors had been damaging to the environment proving to have been detrimental for the company itself as well as the environment. After these lawsuits had been filed against General Motors and bankruptcy had been declared, a new corporation, the new GM, was formed which aimed at being environment friendly.   Strategies Implemented General Motors had to with respect to their past proceedings, adapt to the changing environment and client base so as to earn sufficient profits with regards to having an environment friendly image. This was an essential point to consider as was elaborated by Breno Nunes and David Bennet (2010) stated that defining strategic operations objectives is strongly connected to environmental issues. The operations function of a company encounters environmental protection issues directly because its the main source of harmful emissions, so environmental management programs and policies should be carefully developed to strengthen operations strategy. Moreover with regards to the three leading companies, Toyota, GM and Volkswagen, the authors stated that these companies have addressed the main environmental impact of manufacturing through technology-based solutions. Paint shops were converted to use waterborne paint sprayers, and water-based solvents were also introduced into processes. Energy and water conservation, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, waste management (including recyclable and non-recyclable waste) and recycling are the main initiatives to achieve greener production. On this matter the company itself, General Motors, (General motors, 2002) stated that it had contributed to the clean-up and drop in the amount of emissions. They have also saved up natural resources and got rid of the majority of the effluents. The company has also released seven annual reports which give further details on the matter at hand. This in fact shows the efforts involved on behalf of the corporation to improve the environmental conditions and to make significant reductions in the damages inflicted by the corporation.   According to a newspaper article (Mich Warren, 2008) it was asserted that Gary Cowger, the vice president of General Motors global manufacturing and labor, ascertained that GM could find the right solutions to the problems it faced which limited their production capabilities due to the environmental laws imposed on the automobile industry. He, Gary Cowger (2008) further stated that as novel ideas in the propulsion of automobiles are proposed, General Motors is making enormous strides to diminish the negative impact on worldwide ecosystems. The  newspaper further established the fact that more than 96 percent of the leftover discharge is recycled or salvaged at General Motors plants and 3 percent is transformed into energy. This is what General Motors is striving for and it will help sustain the environment. General Motors are receiving almost $1 billion, annually, from their salvaged material sales. $16  million is further received from its sale of recycled materials (Mich Warren, 2008).   Government and Environmental Group Relations For a company like General Motors to maintain its market share and customers it was necessary and imperative that the relations and ties be strengthened with the government and environmental groups and agencies so as to promote an image where they reflected the fact that the company was not only about earning profits but cared for the people that it directly and indirectly targeted.   In an article Larry Cotrell (2001), GMs environmental engineer commented on the importance of establishing ties with the government and stated that the regulations imposed by the state were far more rigorous and inflexible as compared to the regulations imposed by the federal government. He stated that State governments know better what concerns and benefits its citizens in each municipality. Also the federal government doesnt have to cope with the various industrial/environmental complexities and differences of each of the 50 states.   Dennis A. Rondinelli and Michael A. Berry (2000) with regards to this fact stated that more customer loyalty can be sought by being environmentally friendly. This can also result in an increase in the overall efficiency. Workers would also be willing to stay for longer periods of time. Proactive environmental management allows companies to maintain control over their own environmental activities, provide evidence of planning and interaction to address environmental issues, and influence future regulatory and competitive requirements.   Furthermore the authors in their journal affirmed that General Motors was indeed a company that maintained an association with such environmental agencies. They stated that General Motors entered a partnership with the Nature Conservancy to provide $5 million over five years to help the environmental group preserve land and water ecosystems in North America, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Asia-Pacific Region. In addition to this fact, the authors pointed out the fact that General Motors (1998) created a GM Suppliers Environmental Advisory Team in 1997 to improve mutual understanding of environmental programs and efficiency and evaluate new ideas to promote eco-efficiency throughout its supply chain. which goes to reveal the extent to which environmental friendly initiatives were taken by the company.   The New General Motors: Environment friendly vehicles According to Chris Foster and Ken Green (200), The rest: in these cases, green issues receive only limited attention, most commonly in the form of a compliance check. Little innovative effort will be directed specifically to improving green performance in these cases. However, if the environmental impact of the product or service is linked to its effectiveness in providing its main function, green performance may be improved indirectly: such achievements may or may not be promoted as part of the product-marketing effort. If they are, green issues may receive additional attention, as in situation. Therefore when considering the case of General Motors, such innovative efforts as the introduction of EV1 as well as the research in hybrid and fuel cell vehicles (HVs and FCVs) will help in improving the automobile industry by reducing the environmental damages. Concerning the development of HVs and FCVs, Vanessa Oltra (2007) stated that As a consequence since 2000, there is a significant increase in research and development activities of car manufacturers in the field of fuel cells. Even if a majority of stakeholders present FCVs as the future new technological paradigm for transportation, there remain a lot of uncertainties concerning the production and the storage of hydrogen, the indirect emissions and the costs of the necessary infrastructures. That is the reason why more recently, HVs have progressively developed and plays now a dominant role in the innovative strategy of car manufacturers. Moreover, concerning this issue, Robert F. Service stated that it would be far from rea soning to give up on the technology available at hand. There are just two types of vehicles which can get the job done, only one of which are available for sale in the markets in the near future. As of recent date General Motors (General Motors, 2010) was bestowed the honorary Energy and Environmental Excellence award  in view of the efforts that it contributed towards sustaining the environmental conditions of the ecosystems. This award helped reduce the effects of the past stigmas associated with the dealings of GM whereby they had been on several occasions been accused and heavily penalized for the number of damages they had inadvertently caused to the environment from the introduction of such vehicles and automobiles that led to such adverse acts.   The company recently introduced a vehicle known as the EV1 which was an electric vehicle, so as to combat the limitations that environmental laws imposed by the government on the automobile industry. This form of a vehicle was powered only by using batteries. This change was not only an initiative to introduce this vehicle but a radical significant change was also brought about in the workings of the company. Brian C. Johnson (1999) stated with respect to the introduction of this vehicle that In the case of General Motors, a change in environmental mindset helped lead to the development of a revolutionary new vehicle, the EVl, while the same vehicle also continues to be the force behind further change at the company, and even in the industry as a whole. He further evaluated the benfits of this type of a change whereby he stated that Clearly, the EVl has environmental benefits, both in terms of improved air quality in the long term and environmental compatibility. Since the EVl does not rely on petroleum for its propulsion, the power train is significantly more environmentally friendly than internal combustion vehicles. Moreover the author suggested that this initiative was in no regards a product that was launched keeping in mind the environmental benefits it could reap. He stated that in the early stages of developing the EVl/Impact, very little thought was given to using the EVl as a tool to improve GMs environmental image. It was only later that executives realized that the EVl could have the double benefit of simultaneously improving the companys technological and environmental images, both of which were in dire need of attention. In addition to this fact the author goes on to imply that The only way that GM was going to improve its environmental image was to do something tangible. The EVl is about as tangible as one can get. If GM is able to use the EVl to make its first leap toward the environmental compatibility of its products, it could find itself in a better position than any domestic automaker-to be seen as the environmental car company. Furthermore, Dr. Thomas Turrentine, et al. (2006) found that the advantages pertaining to hybrid cars were numerous and not only because they were environment friendly. They have the potential to outperform other currently existing vehicles in the matters of fuel efficiency. They stated that Oil is a finite resource, and many have predicted that we are reaching what is called peak oil, the point at which the rate of extraction of oil from all developable oil resources and reserves begins to slow. This reflects the fact that due to greater dependency on oil, the reserves will quickly diminish, hence establishing the need for such hybrid vehicles. With regards to the company the authors stated that General Motors Silverado truck is a light hybrid. It replaces the normal flywheel of a gasoline engine with an integrated starter generator that shuts the engine off whenever the vehicle is not moving, improving fuel economy by a few percent. This depicts the sustainable methods being adopted by the company. Moreover they also stated that In theory, HEV technologies can make all vehicles use less fuel than a normal combustion design, whether they burn gasoline, diesel, bio-fuels, natural gas, or hydrogen. Hybrid vehicle designs improve the environmental performance of all of these vehicles and stretch their potential to meet demand in the future. However, no HEVs are sold yet using one of these other fuels. In addition to this the author also stated that, HEVs provide a broad set of benefits to consumers including better fuel economy, quiet operation, low to zero emissions in sensitive locations such as schools and enclosed parking areas, better fuel economy instrumentation, longer lasting and better braking designs. Therefore when considering the case of General Motors it can be recommended that the company in tis proactive environment friendly research should research upon innovative methods and employ them in order to effectively improve its image as well its sales of greener products such EV1 and hybrid cars. As Chris Foster and Ken Green (2000) effectively stated that, Involving sales and marketing, two functions crucial to communication between a business and its environment, would seem to be essential to success in this process. In addition, if exchange of information about green issues between the different actors that make up the green innovation framework could be established as the norm, it would be easier to balance changes that bring greener performance with the other factors that must influence the direction and outcomes of RD projects.

Transformer Oil Or Insulating Oil Engineering Essay

Transformer Oil Or Insulating Oil Engineering Essay CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Transformer is one of the most useful appliances ever invented. Transformer can raise or lower the voltage or current in alternating current (AC) network, the circuit can be isolated from one another, and to increase or decrease the apparent value of a capacitor, inductor, or resistor. Furthermore, the transformer allows us to transmit electricity long distances and to circulate safely in factories and homes. (Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems, 6th Edition). The cost of a transformer is high. The failure of one transformer resulted in a loss in terms of the price of one transformer or in terms of energy supply disruptions to consumers. Therefore, to monitor the transformer oil is one the right way and good for detecting the causes of damage to transformers. 2.2 Transformer Transformer is one of the most important electrical devices. Transformer is widely used in power systems and electronic devices. Transformer can also raise and lower voltage levels and the alternating current to suit application. Transformer can transfer power from one section to another on the same frequency but different voltage levels and currents. Transformer basically consists of two coils of a conductor which acts as an inductor electrically separate but magnetically attached. Transformer consists of two loops wrapped around the core base, core and coil which are a part of the transformer structures. Figure 2.1 shows the general structure of a transformer. When alternating current connected to the transformer primary windings, current will flow through the primary winding. Alternating current flows will create an alternating magnetic flux in the transformer core. The magnetic flux can flow to the secondary winding of the transformer through the transformer core. http://www.electricityforum.com/images/electrical-transformer-design.jpg Figure 2.1 General Structure of Transformer According to the Faraday law, the electromotive force or voltage is induced in the coil-winding transformer when the flux is changes in value. Because of the magnetic flux in the transformer core is an alternating flux whose value is constantly changing over time, the electromotive force or voltage is always induced in the coil-winding transformer. Electromotive force in the primary winding is known as the self-induced electromotive force is due to the flux generated by the coil itself. While the electromotive force induced in the secondary winding is known as mutual induction electromotive force due to the induced electromotive force is caused by magnetic flux generated from the primary winding. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows: (Equation 2.1) By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an AC voltage to be stepped up by making Ns greater than Np, or stepped down by making Ns less than Np. There are many types of transformer are designed to meet the specific industrial applications. These include autotransformer, control, current, distribution, general-purpose, instrument, isolation, potential (voltage), power, step-up, and step-down. To avoid rapid damage of the insulating materials inside a transformer, sufficient cooling of the windings and the core must be provided. Indoor transformers below 200 kVA can be directly cooled by the natural flow of the surrounding air. The metallic housing is equipped with ventilating louvres so that the convection currents that can flow over the windings and around the core. Large transformers can be constructed in the same way, but the forced circulation of fresh air must be provided. Such as a dry-type transformers are used inside the building, away from the hostile atmosphere. Distribution transformers below 200 kVA are usually immersed in mineral oil and sealed in a steel tank. Oil carries the heat away to the tank, which it is lost by radiation and convection to the outside air. Insulating oil is much better than air, consequently, it is often used in high voltage transformers. As the power rating increased, external radiators are added to increase cooling surface of the tank contains oil. Oil circulates around the transformer windings and moving through the radiator, where heat released into the surrounding air. For still higher levels, cooling fans blow air over the radiators. For transformers in the megawatt range, cooling can be effected by the oil-water heat exchanger. Hot oil drawn from the transformer tank is pumped into the heat exchanger where it flowing through the pipes that are in contact with cold water. Such as heat exchanger are very effective, but also very expensive, because water itself must continuously cool and recirculated. Some large transformers are designed to have multiple ratings, depending on the cooling method used. Thus, the transformer may have triple ratings depending on whether it is cooled by: the natural circulation of air (AO) for 18000 kVA, or forced-air cooling with fans (FA) for 24000 kVA, or the forced circulation of oil accompanied by forced-air cooling (FOA) for 32000 kVA. These elaborate cooling systems are nevertheless economical because they enable a much greater output from the transformer of a given size and weight. The type of transformer cooling is designated by the following symbols: AA dry-type, self-cooled AFA dry-type, forced-air cooled OA oil-immersed, self-cooled OA/FA oil-immersed, self-cooled/forced-air cooled AO/FA/FOA oil-immersed, self-cooled/forced-air cooled/forced-air, forced-oil cooled The temperature rise by the resistance of oil-immersed transformers is either 55 °C or 65 °C. The temperature must be kept low to preserve the oil quality. By contrast, the temperature rise of dry-type transformer may be as high as 180 °C, depending on the type of insulation used. TEMCo offers the largest selection of High Voltage Transformers.GE Ventilated Dry-type Transformer Figure 2.2 Dry-Type Transformer Figure 2.3 Oil-Immersed Transformer 2.3 Transformer Oil Transformer oil or insulating oil is usually a highly-refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties. It is used in oil-filled transformers. Transformer oil is likened to be the blood within the transformer body. It must be periodically tested to monitor condition of the transformer. Transformer oil serves three basic functions which are to insulate, to cool and maintain the transformer functions at all times. To keep these functions the industry has agreed on certain standards. The two leading transformer oil specifications in the world are IEC 60296 and ASTM D 3487. In these standards there are many specific requirement and limits based on physical and chemical properties. Many of these properties and their limitations stem from the chemistry of refined mineral oils in combination with application specific requirements of electrical insulation. In an age when alternative to mineral oil being developed, it is important both to know what is desirable and what is likely to achieved in technical terms. Whereas some brands of transformer oil could only meet the specifications, the others excel. In the end, transformer oil consumers should decide which properties are most important to their intended use. Technical specifications also have an impact on issues such as asset management, maintenance planning and investment budget. To aid decisions in these fields it is helpful to have a basic understanding of the science underlying specifications and limitations. In Malaysia, mostly used transformer oil is mineral crude oils (uninhibited mineral oils) which contains Paraffic, Naphteric or mixed. It is supplied by Hyrax Oil Sdn. Bhd. 2.3.1 Transformer Oil Properties The main function of transformer oil is insulating and cooling of the transformer. It should have the following properties: High dielectric strength and good dielectric properties resulting in minimum power loss. Low viscosity improves cooling. Freedom from inorganic acids, alkali, and corrosive sulphur. Resistant to emulsification. Rapid settling of arc products. Low pour point. High flash point resulting in low evaporation losses due to high thermal stability. High resistivity gives better insulation values between windings. Excellent interfacial tension for quick water separation. Proven resistance to electrical stresses. High electrical strength. Remarkably low sludge and acidity formation in both ageing and oxidation tests gives longer life to oil and equipment during storage and service. 2.3.2 Theory of Transformer Oil Parameters Water Content The standard for measuring water contain in oil is IEC 60814. (Marcel Dekker, 1990). The important function in transformer oil is to provide electrical insulation. When oil has higher moisture content, it can reduce the insulating properties of the oil, which may result in dielectric breakdown. This is the particular importance with fluctuating temperatures because, transformer will cools down if any dissolved water will become free and this oil become poor insulating power and fluid degradation. (Azliza binti Mohd Jelan,2009). Breakdown Voltage Dielectric strength is one of the important properties in insulation field. Breakdown voltage in insulating material is the maximum electric field strength that it can be withstand intrinsically without breaking down and without experiencing failure of its insulating properties, dielectric strength also means that a certain configuration and electrode dielectric material that produces minimal damage to the electric field. (Rohaina bt Jaafar, 2003). Breakdown strength in liquid according to various factors influenced in the experiment which is electrode material and surface state, geometry electrode, the presence of chemical pollutants, the presence of physical pollutants, oil molecular structure, temperature and pressure. There also various factors in the theory of voltage breakdown which is like electronic theory, suspended particle theory, cavitations theory and bubble theory were postulated. (Olive Oil from the Tree to the Table). Dielectric strength is also very dependent on the time and method of tension, purity materials, the type of tension as well as experimental and environmental parameters, until set of dielectric strength unique to the specific material is difficult, a range of values can be found and used for application purposes. (Noraniza binti Toriman, 2003). Figure 2.4 Heating / Cooling Curve of Oil (Ahmad Norhakimi bin Ibrihim @ Ibrahim, 2010) 2.3.3 Types of Transformer Oil Mineral Transformer Oil (Mineral Based Oil) A mineral oil or liquid petroleum is a liquid by-product of the distillation of petroleum to produce gasoline and other petroleum based products from crude oil. A mineral oil in this sense is a transparent, colourless oil composed mainly of alkenes (typically 15 to 40 carbons) and cyclic paraffin, related to petroleum jelly (also known as white petrolatum). It has a density of around 0.8 g/cm3. Mineral oil is a substance of relatively low value, and it is produced in very large quantities. Mineral oil is available in light and heavy grades, and can often be found in drug stores. There are three basic classes of refined mineral oils: Paraffinic oils, based on n-alkenes. Naphthenic oils, based on cycloalkanes. Aromatic oils, based on aromatic hydrocarbons (not to be confused with essential oils). Table 2.1 Properties of Mineral Transformer Oil (http://www.substech.com) Property Value in metric unit Value in US unit Density at 60 °F (15.6 °C) 0.880 *10 ³ kg/m ³ 54.9 lb/ft ³ Kinematic viscosity at 68 °F (20 °C) 22 cSt 22 cSt Kinematic viscosity at 212 °F (100 °C) 2.6 cSt 2.6 cSt Fire point 170  °C 338  °F Pour Point -50  °C -58  °F Flash point 160  °C 320  °F Auto ignition point 280  °C 536  °F Specific heat capacity 1860 J/(kg*K) 0.444 BTU/(lb* °F) Thermal conductivity at 20 °C (68 °F) 0.126 W/(m*K) 0.875 BTU*in/(hr*ft ²* °F) Thermal expansion at 20 °C (68 °F) 7.5*10-4  °Cˆ°Ã‚ ¹ 4.2*10-4 in/(in*  °F) Breakdown strength min.70 kV min.70 kV Dielectric dissipation factor at 90 °C (194 °F) max.0.002 max.0.002 Permittivity at 20 °C (68 °F) 2.2 2.2 Silicon Transformer Oil (Polydimethylsiloxane based fluid) Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are commonly referred to as silicones. PDMS is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties. PDMS is optically clear, and, in general, is considered to be inert, non-toxic and non-flammable. It is occasionally called dimethicone and is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane). Its applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; it is present, also, in shampoos (as dimethicone makes hair shiny and slippery), caulking, lubricating oils, and heat-resistant tiles. Table 2.2 Properties of Silicon Transformer Oil (http://www.substech.com) Property Value in metric unit Value in US unit Density at 60 °F (15.6 °C) 0.960 *10 ³ kg/m ³ 59.9 lb/ft ³ Kinematic viscosity at 68 °F (20 °C) 55 cSt 55 cSt Kinematic viscosity at 212 °F (100 °C) 15 cSt 15 cSt Fire point min.350  °C min.662  °F Pour Point max.-50  °C max.-58  °F Flash point min.300  °C min.572  °F Auto ignition point 435  °C 815  °F Specific heat capacity 1510 J/(kg*K) 0.360 BTU/(lb* °F) Thermal conductivity at 20 °C (68 °F) 0.15 W/(m*K) 1.019 BTU*in/(hr*ft ²* °F) Thermal expansion at 20 °C (68 °F) 10.4*10-4  °Cˆ°Ã‚ ¹ 5.8*10-4 in/(in*  °F) Breakdown strength 50 kV 50 kV Dielectric dissipation factor at 90 °C (194 °F) max.0.001 max.0.001 Permittivity at 20 °C (68 °F) 2.7 2.7 Synthetic Transformer Oil (Organic Esters Based Fluid) Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds which are artificially made (synthesized) using chemically modified petroleum components rather than whole crude oil. Synthetic oil is used as a substitute for lubricant refined from petroleum when operating in extremes of temperature, because it generally provides superior mechanical and chemical properties than those found in traditional mineral oils. Table 2.3 Properties of Synthetic Transformer Oil (http://www.substech.com) Property Value in metric unit Value in US unit Density at 60 °F (15.6 °C) 0.970 *10 ³ kg/m ³ 60.6 lb/ft ³ Kinematic viscosity at 68 °F (20 °C) 70 cSt 70 cSt Kinematic viscosity at 212 °F (100 °C) 5.3 cSt 5.3 cSt Fire point 322  °C 612  °F Pour Point -60  °C -76  °F Flash point 275  °C 527  °F Autoignition point 438  °C 820  °F Specific heat capacity 1880 J/(kg*K) 0.448 BTU/(lb* °F) Thermal conductivity at 20 °C (68 °F) 0.144 W/(m*K) 0.98 BTU*in/(hr*ft ²* °F) Thermal expansion at 20 °C (68 °F) 7.5*10-4  °Cˆ°Ã‚ ¹ 4.2*10-4 in/(in*  °F) Breakdown strength min.75 kV min.75 kV Dielectric dissipation factor at 90 °C (194 °F) max.0.006 max.0.006 Permitivity at 20 °C (68 °F) 3.2 3.2 2.3.4 Transformer Oil Testing Regular sampling and testing of insulation oil taken from transformers is a valuable technique in a preventative maintenance program. If a proactive approach is adopted based on the condition of the transformer oil, the life of the transformer can be extended. Hence, transformer oil must be periodically tested to ensure its basic electrical properties. These tests can be divided into: Liquid Power Factor The IEC standard method for this test is IEC 247. This involves measuring the power loss through a thin film of liquid test. Water, contamination, and the decay products of oil oxidation tend to increase the power factor of oil. The new oil has very low power factor less than 0.1% at 25  ° C and 1.0% at 90  ° C. As the oil ages and moisture accumulates, or if the unit is contaminated, the liquid power factor tends to increase. Many owners make the mistake of having this transformer testing at only one temperature. While the test is more sensitive to 90  ° C, both the temperature should be used. The relationship between 25  ° and 90 ° values can assist in making the diagnosis as to whether the problem of moisture, oxidation, or contamination. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Dielectric Breakdown Strength The dielectric breakdown voltage is a measure of the ability of the oil to withstand electric stress. Dry and clean oil showed the inherent high breakdown voltage. Free water and solid particles, especially the latter in combination with high levels of dissolved water, tend to migrate to areas of high electric stress and dramatically reduce the breakdown voltage. The measurement of breakdown voltage, therefore, serves primarily to indicate the presence of contaminants such as water or conducting particles. A low breakdown voltage can be indicating that one or more of these are present. However, a high breakdown voltage does not necessarily indicate the absence of all contaminants. This test was conducted in accordance with IEC 156. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Moisture The purpose of dielectric tests are conducted is to ensure the monitoring moisture can be done directly. IEC 733 is a well established and can measure the moisture down to the low part of the million levels. While the acceptable values have been set by the voltage class for moisture, these are somewhat misleading. A truer picture of moisture in the transformer must be taken into account so that percentage saturation of the oil by moisture and percentage moisture by dry weight of the solid insulation can be calculated. A transformer at 20  ° C that containing 20 ppm moisture in oil is considerably wetter than a same unit, with a similar 20 ppm moisture, but it is operating at 40  ° C. The new transformer must be less than 0.5% moisture by dry weight. Anything more than 3.0% (or 30% saturation) is considered very wet. Many owners dehydrate transformer when the moisture level exceed 1.5 to 2.0% moisture by dry weight. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Neutralization Number (Acidity) This value, measured by IEC standard method IEC 1125A reported as mg KOH / g sample, reports the relative amount of oil oxidation products, especially acids, alcohol and soap. As oil continues to oxidize, the acid increased gradually, generally over the years. Running the acid number regularly provides guidance as to how far oxidation of the oil has proceeded. The acceptable limit by the test is usually used as general guidelines to determine when the oil should be replaced or reclaimed. Acceptable values for acid number are 0.20 and lower. Unacceptable values are over 0.20.These are the values that are used by TNB. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Interfacial Tension The test methods for interfacial tension (IFT), IEC 6295, measuring the strength in mN/m from the interface that will form between service aged oil and distilled water. Because the decay products of oil oxidation are oil and water soluble, their presence would tend to weaken the interface and reduce the interfacial tension value. Brand new oil is often 40-50 mN/m. A value that is acceptable for the in-service oil is greater than 25 mN/m or greater; unacceptable results are below 28 mN/m. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Colour/Visual Field inspection of liquid insulation (IEC 296) includes examination for the presence of cloudy or sediment and the general appearance as well as a colour inspection. As oil ages, it will be darken gradually. Very dark oil or oil that changes drastically over a short period of time may indicate a problem. Any cloudiness or sediment indicates the presence of free water or particles that may be harmful to continued the equipment operation. Taken alone, without considering the past history or other test parameters, the colour is not very important to diagnose transformer problems. If the oil has an acrid or unusual odor, consideration should be given to carrying out further tests. (A Guide To Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Sludge/Sediment The IEC 296 test distinguishes between the sediment and sludge. Sediment is an insoluble substance present in the oil. Sediment may consist of insoluble oxidation or degradation products of solid or liquid materials, solid products such as carbon or metallic oxide and fibres or other foreign matter. Sludge is polymerized oxidation products of solid and liquid insulating material. Sludge is soluble in oil up to a certain limit. At sludge levels above this, the sludge comes out of the solution contributing an additional component to the sediment. The presence of sludge and sediment can change the electrical properties of the oil and prevent the exchange of heat, so encouraging damage to the insulating material. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Inhibitor Content Inhibited oil deteriorates more slowly than uninhibited oil so long as active oxidation inhibitor is present. However, after the oxidation inhibitor is consumed, the oil can be oxidized at a higher level. Determination of oxidation inhibitor remaining in the in-service transformer oil is based on IEC 666. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Dissolved Gas Analysis In contrast to the tests and the methods discussed to this point, the dissolved gas analysis (DGA) did not measure the gradual changes in the quality of oil. DGA has a very limited utility in determining the continued suitability of the transformer oil. The purpose and functions of the DGA is to provide an indication as to whether there may be an active or incipient transformer fault affecting the operation and continued health of the equipment. DGA is used to detect and measure nine of dissolved gases which are Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Methane, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Ethan, Ethylene, and Acetylene. (A Guide To Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Dissolved Metals Analysis Analysis of dissolved metals (in particular, for the three metals: iron, copper, and aluminium) can be used in further identifying the location of transformer faults discovered by dissolved gas analysis. For example, the dissolved metal analysis indicating the presences of conductor metals may indicate a fault is occurring in the winding or at a connection while the presence of iron indicates involvement of the core steel. (A Guide To Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Furanic Compounds When paper breaks down, the cellulose chains are broken and glucose molecules (which serve as the building blocks of the cellulose) are chemically changed. Each of the glucose monomer molecules that are removed from the polymer chain becomes one of a series of related compounds called furans or furanic compounds. Because these furanic compounds are partially soluble in oil, they are present in both the oil and the paper. Measuring the concentration of the oil can tell us a little more about the paper. The standard method typically tests for five compounds that are normally only present in the oil as a result of the paper breaking down. Those five compounds, and their probable causes, are 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, 5H2F (typically formed by oxidation of paper), 2-furyl alcohol, 2FOL (typically formed in connection with a high moisture content), 2-furaldehyde, 2FAL (very common, formed by all overheating and aging conditions), 2-acetyl furan, 2ACF (very rare, may be related to elec trical stress), and 5-methyl-2furaldehyde, 5M2F (typically formed as a result of overheating). (A Guide To Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) 2.3.4 Instrument / Device for Transformer Oil Testing Oil Test Set (Megger OTS 60 PB) The OTS 60PB is a 0 60 kV, battery powered portable dielectric strength oil test set. Its size and weight make it suitable for on-site assessment of insulating oil quality. The dielectric strength test it performs is an important deciding factor in knowing whether to retain or replace the oil. Breakdown voltage is measured, averaged and displayed under the control of built-in programmed sequences. Go/no-go testing is available. Figure 2.4 Oil Test Set (Megger OTS 60 PB) OTS 60PB follows the oil testing sequences described in many national and other specifications among which are: British BS 148, BS 5730a (automatic proof testing), BS 5874; International IEC 156, American ASTM D877 ASTM D1816, German VDE 0370, French NFC 27, Spanish UNE 21, Italian CEI 10-1, Russian GOCT 6581, South African SABS 555, Australian AS 1767 and Institute of Petroleum IP 295. Two types of withstand (proof) testing of an oil sample are available. The principle with these tests is to subject the oil sample to a specified voltage for a defined length of time (1 minute) to see if it will withstand that voltage. In one of the tests the voltage is removed after a minute, in the other test, the voltage continues to rise after the minute until breakdown or the maximum value is reached. Withstand (proof) tests can be set up to the users own requirements, and then repeatedly called up to quickly test oil under known fixed conditions. The OTS 60PB is used for determining the dielectric strength of liquid insulants such as insulating oils used in transformers, switchgear, cables and other electrical apparatus. It is portable and suitable for testing on site as well as in the laboratory. The test set is fully automatic. The operator has only to prepare the test vessel, load it with sample oil, place it in the test chamber, select the appropriate specification for the tests and then start the test sequence. The test set carries out automatically (and if necessary unattended) the sequence of tests as defined by the pre-selected national specification. Oil testing specifications, for which the set is pre-programmed, are as follows:- Figure 2.5 Oil testing specifications A 5 minute test sequence is also provided so that the operator may quickly obtain an idea of the breakdown value of an oil sample. Two types of semi automatic withstand (proof) testing of an oil sample are available. The principle with these tests is to subject the oil sample to a specified voltage for a defined length of time (1 minute) to see if it will withstand that voltage. In one of the tests the voltage is removed after a minute, in the other test the voltage continues to rise after passing for one minute until breakdown or the maximum value is reached. Withstand (proof) tests can be set up to the users own requirements, and then repeatedly called up to quickly test oil under known fixed conditions. The test results can be reviewed on the LCD or printed via the RS232 interface. An optional, battery operated printer is available to obtain a hard copy of the results. The safety features incorporated in the test sets design include two forced break switches used as described in B S 5304. These are interlocked with the oil vessel loading door. Volumetric titration system Metrohm Titrino SM 702 An automatic potentiometric titration system Titrino SM 702 with Exchange Unit 806 made by Metrohm measured the acidity of the oils. Here the Total Acid Number (TAN) was determined by a volumetric titration with potash to neutralize the carboxylic acids. The titration took place as follows: At first 10 g of the oil were dissolved in 40 ml of solvent toluene / ethanol in a ratio of 5 to 4. Potash (KOH, 0,1 mol/l) was added as titre with volume increments of 0.001 ml or 0.005 ml depending on the expected acidity. The system detects, when the acid-base-equivalence-point EP is reached by a voltage measurement in the solution. From the volume of potash at the EP equation below calculates the acidity as TAN: TAN total acid number EP1 equivalent point C31 blind value of the solvent toluene/ethanol CO1 0.1 mol/L, concentration of titre CO2 1 CO3 56106 g/mol, molar mass of titre CO0 weight of the oil sample Figure 2.6 Volumetric itration systems Metrohm Titrino SM 702 Kelman TRANSPORT X Portable DGA Unit And Moisture In Oil Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is an established technique and is recognised as the most important test in monitoring power transformers. It is now being successfully extended to other oil filled equipment such as tap changers and circuit breakers. The TRANSPORT X unit has been designed to be very rugged and user friendly with an emphasis placed on field operation. The unit is used by over 200 companies and utilities and has sold in excess of 600 units worldwide. Figure 2.7 Kelman TRANSPORT X Portable DGA Unit And Moisture In Oil The TRANSPORT X test uses state of the art infrared measurement technology to give accurate, reliable results in a matter of minutes. The TRANSPORT X product represents an invaluable tool for Asset Management and will increase the power of any DGA program. Extensive field and laboratory use worldwide has proven that the TRANSPORT X test gives highly reliable results and that it is genuinely suitable for field conditions. The TRANSPORT X equip

voodoo Essays -- essays research papers fc

Could Voodoo be nothing but evil, black magic, and the work of the devil? Is voodoo really an evil religion that sacrifices humans as well as animals to the demonic Gods? When I first did my paper on Voodoo, the first thing that came to my mind was how Hollywood portrayed Voodoo. When people see something on television or at the movies, they believe it to be reality. Undoubtedly, misconceptions will occur, and unless people are shown evidence against the delusions, it will be taken as fact. I think Voodoo religion is as acceptable as Christianity or any other religion. Voodoo has been tainted from the true principals and understanding. Voodoo has been shown on screen as evil, black magic, and the work of the devil, rather than as a faith, and most people see spells cast on voodoo dolls like Chucky in Child’s Play, who goes around killing people because he is possessed (Child’s Play 1988). Is Voodoo a true, spiritual religion, and if so, are people willing to tolerate it? In today’s society, religious tolerance of different groups of people or cultures is very important. By understanding and accepting the differences of real versus imaginary using Voodoo as the prime example, people will be able to see these groups as part of actual society and not just a fictitious magical and evil portrayal in entertainment such as Child’s Play, Trilogy of Terror, and Chloe-Love is Calling You. Hollywood’s portrayals of Voodoo in movies, thus invalid. Voodoo was founded in Haiti, back when the slaves were brought in from the African homelands. African and Christianity beliefs were easily merged because they are not all that different. Both religions are similar in ways of baptism, or ritual purification. Both believe one God created all people (Hintz 95). In place of God is a Supreme Being called Bondye. He is the head loa and is very powerful. Bondye gives individuals their own destinies. He is too busy to be involved in the personal everyday lives. This is why they believe in the spirits or Loa to whom they worship and make sacrifices (Brown 6). Just like other religions, Voodoo has it’s own principles, with it’s own set of rites. The Voodoo priest is the houngan. A priestess is a mambo. A houngan religious authority is much more informal then that of a Catholic priest (Hintz 97). A priest has to answer to the bishops and the people. He has a structural church, where as ... ...uisiana. Hintz, Martin. Haiti: Enchantment of the World. New York: Children’s Press, 1998. This book is about the different kinds of religions that are practiced in Haiti. Voodoo doctors in Haiti use plants and other items for treatment. â€Å"A spider web is placed over a cut to stop the bleeding.† (98). Murray, Alexander. Who’s Who In Mythology. New York: Bonanza Books, 1989 This book gives a description of the Greek and Roman deities and how they are represented. Neusener, Jacob. World Religions in America. Kentucky: Westminster/Johnknox Press,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1994. This book is about the diversity of religions on America. Among the different religions in America we can get a sense of understanding then and their uniqueness to their culture. Smith, Houston. World’s Religions. New York: Labyrinth Publishing, 1994. This book is about â€Å"values† (11). A true understanding of the world points directly to the true understanding of the religions in the world today. Tart, Charles. Body, Mind, Spirit. Virginia: Hampton Roads, 1997. This book is about the scientific findings of spirituality and the existence of the of a soul.I haven’t had time to read much of this book.

Drug Abuse Essays -- Illegal Drugs Addiction

Drug abuse is a widespread problem that makes individual drug users the prime victims. But drugs also affect all of us, wherever we live and whatever we do. Drug abuse can cause serious physical and mental deterioration. The problem can tear apart the family structure and make it hard for learning. Difficulties on the job due to drug abuse make it hard for employers to run their businesses. Stealing form employers or from individuals to get money from for drugs causes pain and economic loss to the victims. Arrests and jailing of drug users and dealers puts a strain on law enforcement officials and the criminal justice systems; the cost to taxpayers is enormous. The millions of dollars spent on illegal drugs in America encourage criminal activity and ribs the government of tax revenues. For all these reasons and many more the subject of drug about is extremely important. As a way of considering this vast subject, experts have classified the drugs according to their primary effects on the bay. Thus, the eight basic drugs classifications are: antidepressants, anti-anxiety tranquilizers, anti-psychotic tranquilizer, cannabis, hallucinogens, narcotics, sedative/hypnotics, and stimulants. Antidepressant drugs are substances that improve a person’s mood and are commonly used in the treatment of depression. Depression is a psychiatric problem that is characterized by a loss of interest in the most aspects of life, a slowing-down of activity, a feeling of worthlessness, and sometim...

Satellite Surveillance Essay -- Satellites Weapons Technology Essays

Satellite Surveillance I. Preface My interest in satellite surveillance did not really appear to after I saw the movie "Enemy of the State" in 1998. The synopsis of the movie is: Robert Dean (Will Smith) is a labor lawyer who is unknowingly in possession of evidence related to a serious politically motivated crime. Government agents eager to hide their guilt believe that Dean is on to them, and proceed to turn his life upside-down, ruin his reputation, and frame him for various incidents, thanks to the latest in high-tech government surveillance techniques. In an attempt to clear his name and reclaim his life, Dean teams up with the reclusive Brill (Gene Hackman), a former federal employee who has as much high-tech equipment and expertise as the government itself. Smith scores as a man who is desperate to reclaim his identity and prove his innocence. This intense technological thrill-ride from director Tony Scott questions how much access the government should have to the communications of private citizens, and leave s the viewer with the unsettling feeling that Big Brother is definitely watching. After this movie I was amazed that we have the capability in our hands to do this. I have two scenes from the movie that show the technology at work. II. Introduction A powerful worldwide surveillance system is being built up and the world is being watched. Spy satellites are orbiting the earth, those are the eyes in the sky, and millions of video cameras and other sensors are scattered on the earth, the eyes and ears on the ground. The computer networks are continually growing, the brians of the system. Implantable microchips with miniature digital transceivers are attached to many objects and animals, and lately to some hu... ...tion-en.html> (31 October 2003) ACLU, "ACLU Urges Congress to Investigate ECHELON Surveillance System," <http://archive.aclu.org/congress/lg040699a.html> (06 April 1999) MTC ONLINE, " Reports of Current Experimentation with Microwave and EM Weapons," <http://www.heart7.net/mcf/1.html> (10 August 2003) "Directed Energy Weapons," <http://www.rhfweb.com/hweb/shared2/usexist.html#Directed%20Energy%20Weapons> (2001) Hi-Tech Methods, "Technology of control," <http://members.tripod.com/%7Emdars/1/war2.htm> "The Microwave Syndrome," <http://www.grn.es/electropolucio/omega287.htm> (20 September 2003) Duncan Cambell, "Inside Echelon," Inside Echelon.pdf, 25 July 2000 European Parliment, "Echelon Interception System," Report.pdf, 11 July 2001 Patrick S. Poole, "ECHELON: America's Secret Global Surveillance Network," Echelon.pdf, 2000